IT/Guida al Debug

Scriptando ti capiteranno presto problemi che non si notano subito. Questa pagina ha lo scopo di elencare qualche strategia di base per trovare l'errore.

Console di debug

MTA possiede una console ingame per il debug. Puoi aprirla digitando debugscript x nella console, dove x è il livello di debug:

• 1: solo gli errori
• 2: gli errori e i warning
• 3: gli errori, i warning e le info

Perciò, digitando debugscript 3 tutti i messaggi saranno visibili, anche se il livello 2 è raccomandato per la maggior parte dei casi. Dovresti avere il debugscript attivato la maggior parte del tempo che scripti, ti aiuterà a trovare errori di digitazione, insieme ad altri piccoli problemi e a risolverli facilmente.

Esempio

Questo frammento di esempio ha due errori:

if (getClientName(player) == "Fedor")
	outputChatbox("DISGRACE")
end

Quando lo script tenterà di caricare questa parte di codice, nella console di debug dovrebbe apparire qualcosa del genere:

INFO: Loading script failed: C:\<server path>\mods\deathmatch\resources\myResource\script.lua:15: 'then' expected near ´outputChatbox'

Significa che c'è un errore di sintassi. Il debugscript mostra il percorso dello script che genera l'errore, in modo da conoscere la resource ('myResource' in questo caso) e ovviamente il nome dello script. Dopo il nome del file mostra la linea dell'errore e poi il tipo di errore. A questo punto è facile, abbiamo dimenticato il 'then':

if (getClientName(player) == "Fedor") then
	outputChatbox("DISGRACE")
end

Ora lo script caricherà senza errori e sembrerà funzionare bene, ma quando un player di nome 'Fedor' raggiungerà questa parte dello script, il debugscript darà questo errore:

ERROR: C:\<server path>\mods\deathmatch\resources\d\script.lua:15: attempt to call global 'outputChatbox' (a nil value)

Significa che la funzione chiamata non esiste: è facilmente spiegabile, visto che il nome esatto della funzione è outputChatBox (con la B maiuscola):

if (getClientName(player) == "Fedor") then
	outputChatBox("DISGRACE")
end

Ovviamente è solo un esempio, potrebbe esserci un'infinità di altre situazioni, ma dovreste esservi fatti un'idea.

Log del debug

Puoi anche attivare la creazione di un file log del debug modificando il file coreconfig.xml nella tua cartella MTA all'interno di quella di GTA. Devi cercare la riga seguente:

<debugfile/>

E rimpiazzarla con questa, scegliendo la path che preferisci, relativa alla cartella di GTA:

<debugfile>MTA\debugscript.log</debugfile>

Tutti i messaggi di debug da ora in poi verranno aggiunti al file log. Per bloccare questo processo, ripristina la riga precedente.

Debug strategies

There are several strategies that support finding errors, apart from going through the code of course. Most of them include outputting debug messages, with differing information depending on the situtation.

Useful functions

First of all some functions that may come in handy for debugging.

• outputDebugString or outputChatBox for outputting any information
• tostring() on a variable to turn it into a string, for example when it contains a boolean value
• getElementType to check an MTA Element for its type

Add debugmessages to check if, when or how often a section of code is executed

A typical example would be verify whether an if-section is executed or not. To do that, just add any message you will recognize later within the if-section.

if (variable1 == variable2) then
	outputDebugString("entered if")
	-- do anything
end

Another application would be to check when variable values are modified. First search for all occurences of the variable being edited and add a message just beside it.

Add debugmessages to check the value of a variable

Let's say you want to create a marker, but it doesn't appear at the position you expect it to be. The first thing you might want to do is check if the createMarker function is executed. But while doing this, you can also check the values being used in the createMarker function in one run.

outputChatBox(tostring(x).." "..tostring(y).." "..tostring(z))
createMarker(x,y,z)

This would output all three variables that are used as coordinates for the marker. Assuming you read those from a map file, you can now compare the debug output to the desired values. The tostring() will ensure that the variables' value can be put together as a string, even if it's a boolean value for example.

Example

Imagine you created a colshape (collision shape) somewhere and you want a player to stay 10 seconds in it, then perform some action.

function colShapeHit(player)
	-- set a timer to output a message (could as well execute another function)
	-- store the timer id in a table, using the player as index
	colshapeTimer[player] = setTimer(outputChatBox,10000,1,"The player stayed 10 seconds in the colshape!")
end
addEventHandler("onColShapeHit",getRootElement(),colShapeHit)

function colShapeLeave(player)
	-- kill the timer when the player leaves the colshape
	killTimer(colshapeTimer[player])
end
addEventHandler("onColShapeLeave",getRootElement(),colShapeLeave)

When a player enters the colshape, debugscript outputs the following message:

ERROR: ..[path]: attempt to index global 'colshapeTimer' (a nil value)

This means you tried to index a table that does not exist. In the example above, this is done when storing the timer id in the table. We need to add a check if the table exists and if not create it.

function colShapeHit(player)
	if (colshapeTimer == nil) then
		colshapeTimer = {}
	end
	-- set a timer to output a message (could as well execute another function)
	-- store the timer id in a table, using the player as index
	colshapeTimer[player] = setTimer(outputChatBox,10000,1,"The player stayed 10 seconds in the colshape!")
end
addEventHandler("onColShapeHit",getRootElement(),colShapeHit)

function colShapeLeave(player)
	-- kill the timer when the player leaves the colshape
	killTimer(colshapeTimer[player])
end
addEventHandler("onColShapeLeave",getRootElement(),colShapeLeave)

Now we still get a warning when a player enters the colshape, waits for the message and leaves it again:

WARNING: [..]: Bad argument @ 'killTimer' Line: ..

Except for that (we will talk about that later) everything seems to work fine. A player enters the colshape, the timer is started, if he stays the message occurs, if he leaves the timer is killed.

A more inconspicuous error

But for some reason the message gets outputted twice when you stay in the colcircle while in a vehicle. Since it would appear some code is executed twice, we add debug messages to check this.

function colShapeHit(player)
	if (colshapeTimer == nil) then
		colshapeTimer = {}
	end
	-- add a debug message
	outputDebugString("colShapeHit")
	-- set a timer to output a message (could as well execute another function)
	-- store the timer id in a table, using the player as index
	colshapeTimer[player] = setTimer(outputChatBox,10000,1,"The player stayed 10 seconds in the colshape!")
end
addEventHandler("onColShapeHit",getRootElement(),colShapeHit)

function colShapeLeave(player)
	-- add a debug message
	outputDebugString("colShapeLeave")
	-- kill the timer when the player leaves the colshape
	killTimer(colshapeTimer[player])
end
addEventHandler("onColShapeLeave",getRootElement(),colShapeLeave)

Now we notice that both handler functions get executed twice when we are in a vehicle, but only once when we are on-foot. It would appear the vehicle triggers the colshape as well. To confirm this theory, we check the player variable that should contain a player element.

function colShapeHit(player)
	if (colshapeTimer == nil) then
		colshapeTimer = {}
	end
	-- add a debug message, with the element type
	outputDebugString("colShapeHit "..getElementType(player))
	-- set a timer to output a message (could as well execute another function)
	-- store the timer id in a table, using the player as index
	colshapeTimer[player] = setTimer(outputChatBox,10000,1,"The player stayed 10 seconds in the colshape!")
end
addEventHandler("onColShapeHit",getRootElement(),colShapeHit)

function colShapeLeave(player)
	-- add a debug message, with the element type
	outputDebugString("colShapeLeave "..getElementType(player))
	-- kill the timer when the player leaves the colshape
	killTimer(colshapeTimer[player])
end
addEventHandler("onColShapeLeave",getRootElement(),colShapeLeave)

The debug messages tell us that one of the player variables is a player, the other one a vehicle element. Since we only want to react when a player enters the colshape, we add an if that will end the execution of the function if it's not an player element.

function colShapeHit(player)
	if (colshapeTimer == nil) then
		colshapeTimer = {}
	end
	-- add a check for the element type
	if (getElementType(player) ~= "player") then return end
	-- add a debug message, with the element type
	outputDebugString("colShapeHit "..getElementType(player))
	-- set a timer to output a message (could as well execute another function)
	-- store the timer id in a table, using the player as index
	colshapeTimer[player] = setTimer(outputChatBox,10000,1,"The player stayed 10 seconds in the colshape!")
end
addEventHandler("onColShapeHit",getRootElement(),colShapeHit)

function colShapeLeave(player)
	-- add a check for the element type
	if (getElementType(player) ~= "player") then return end
	-- add a debug message, with the element type
	outputDebugString("colShapeLeave "..getElementType(player))
	-- kill the timer when the player leaves the colshape
	killTimer(colshapeTimer[player])
end
addEventHandler("onColShapeLeave",getRootElement(),colShapeLeave)

Now the script should work as desired, but will still output the warning mentioned above. This happens because the timer we try to kill when a player leaves the colshape will not exist anymore when it reached the 10 seconds and is executed. There are different ways to get rid of that warning (since you know that the timer might not exist anymore and you only want to kill it if it is there). One way would be to check if the timer referenced in the table really exists. To do this, we need a little help function:

function isTimer(timer)
	local timers = getTimers()
	for k,v in ipairs(timers) do
		if (v == timer) then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end

Which we will use when we kill the timer:

if (isTimer(colshapeTimer[player])) then
	killTimer(colshapeTimer[player])
end

So the complete working code would be:

function colShapeHit(player)
	if (colshapeTimer == nil) then
		colshapeTimer = {}
	end
	-- add a check for the element type
	if (getElementType(player) ~= "player") then return end
	-- add a debug message, with the element type
	outputDebugString("colShapeHit "..getElementType(player))
	-- set a timer to output a message (could as well execute another function)
	-- store the timer id in a table, using the player as index
	colshapeTimer[player] = setTimer(outputChatBox,10000,1,"The player stayed 10 seconds in the colshape!")
end
addEventHandler("onColShapeHit",getRootElement(),colShapeHit)

function colShapeLeave(player)
	-- add a check for the element type
	if (getElementType(player) ~= "player") then return end
	-- add a debug message, with the element type
	outputDebugString("colShapeLeave "..getElementType(player))
	-- kill the timer when the player leaves the colshape
	if (isTimer(colshapeTimer[player])) then
		killTimer(colshapeTimer[player])
	end
end
addEventHandler("onColShapeLeave",getRootElement(),colShapeLeave)

function isTimer(timer)
	local timers = getTimers()
	for k,v in ipairs(timers) do
		if (v == timer) then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end